MEMBUKA PINTU PORTAL RUANG dan WAKTU

SEMAR dan TOGOG dalam KESEIMBANGAN ALAM SEMESTA ( 6/6 )

Semar dan Togog benar-benar membuktikan kata-kata mereka dengan terus membayangi semua aksi dan upaya teror Iblis Azazil hingga menembus ruang dan waktu kemasa lalu dan masa depan. Sehingga diketahui, karena terus-menerus dibayangi kedua Dewa Pengayom Alam Semesta, Iblis perlu membentuk dan merekut pasukan dari berbagai makhluk baik jin, siluman, denawa maupun Dewa-dewa kegelapan. Berikut adalah tempat-tempat dan peristiwa-peristiwa didunia yang diawasi diam-diam oleh Semar dan Togog; 

PRAHISTORY.  13.7million.BC to 1250.BC

-13,700,000,000 Beginning of the universe: "Big Bang"

-4,600,000,000   Age of Sun and Earth

-3,800,000,000   Earliest single-celled life appears on Earth

-1,000,000,000   First multi-cellular plants (algae) appear

-540,000,000     Start of Cambrian Period, life proliferates in the sea

-450,000,000     Vegetation colonizes land, and Arthropods first land animals

-350,000,000     Formation of Pangaea supercontinent

-300,000,000     First amphibians and reptiles

-230,000,000     First dinosaurs and early mammals appear

-200,000,000     Continents begin to split into present configuration

-150,000,000     Archaeopteryx earliest known bird

-70,000,000       First primates and other modern mammals appear

-65,000,000       Dinosaurs die out

-15,000,000       Great apes speciate from other apes and monkeys

-4,000,000         Bipedal ape-like hominids first appear in Africa

-2,500,000         Australipithecus and Homo Habilis start to make tools

-1,500,000         Homo Erectus and Homo Ergaster control fire

-200,000            Homo Neanderthalensis and Homo Sapiens appear

-40,000             "Great Leap Forward" in human cognitive development

-25,000              Cro-Magnon Man reaches Europe - earliest Paleolithic art

-25,000              Neanderthals die out and Homo Sapiens dominates

-15,000              First Asian migrants cross Bering Straits to North America

-11,000             End of last "ice age" and start of current interglacial period

-8,000               Extinction of mastodons and other megafauna

-6,000               New Stone Age (Neolithic) in Europe - settled agriculture

-3,000               Bronze Age in Europe

-1,800               Main circle built at Stonehenge, Britain

-1,000               Iron Age in Europe

-7000                Founding of Jericho - world's earliest known city

-4000                Early Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia

-3500                Sumerian cuneiform (picture-writing) developed

-3500                Sumerians invent wheel

-2500                Early Hebrew civilization in Israel area

-2100                Babylon established by the Chaldeans

-2000                Abraham migrates from Ur to Canaan

-2000                Hittite empire established in Asia Minor

-2000                Gilgamesh Epic (heroic poem) written in cuneiform

-2000                Phoenicians trading in Eastern Mediterranean

-1800                Babylonian king Hammurabi codifies laws

-1600                Phoenicians develop phonetic alphabet

-1400                Hebrews invade Canaan (Joshua)

-1300                Hebrew Exodus from Egypt under Moses

-1250                Israelites invade Palestine

.......................................................................................................

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN 5000.BC to 30.BC

-5000                Earliest Egyptian settlements

-3400                Hieratic writing developed by Egyptians

-3100                First Egyptian dynasty under Pharoah Menes - Memphis built

-2800                Papyrus used as writing material by Egyptians

-2600                Old Kingdom of Egypt - first pyramid built at Saccara

-2500                Pyramid of Giza built

-2040                Middle Kingdom of Egypt - reunification under Theban kings

-1500                New Kingdom of Egypt - civilization peaks

-725                  Nubians from present-day Sudan conquer Egypt

-700                  Assyrians invade Egypt

-500                  Persians invade Egypt

-450                  End of Pharoahs' rule in Egypt - 30th Dynasty

-400                  Egypt independent of foreign domination

-270                  Pharos (Lighthouse) of Alexandria built

-51                    Cleopatra becomes Queen of Egypt

-30                    Cleopatra commits suicide - Egypt ruled by Romans for 7 centuries

.......................................................................................................

ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST: 7000.BC to 600.AD

-7000                Founding of Jericho - world's earliest known city

-4000                Early Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia

-3500                Sumerian cuneiform (picture-writing) developed

-2500                Early Hebrew civilization in Israel area

-2100                Babylon established by the Chaldeans

-2000                Abraham migrates from Ur to Canaan

-2000                Hittite empire established in Asia Minor

-1800                Babylonian king Hammurabi codifies laws

-1600                Phoenicians develop phonetic alphabet

-1400                Hebrews invade Canaan (Joshua)

-1300                Hebrew Exodus from Egypt under Moses

-1250                Israelites invade Palestine

-1200                Hittites overthrown by Assyrians

-1020                Saul becomes King of Israel

-1000                David becomes King of Israel - Philistines defeated

-970                  Solomon becomes King of Israel

-800                  Phoenicians establish colony at Carthage, North Africa

-720                  Assyrians invade Palestine

-620                  Ninevah sacked by Medes - end of Assyrian empire

-600                  Hanging Gardens of Babylon built by Nebuchadnezar

-580                  Nebuchadnezar takes Hebrews into captivity in Babylon

-540                  Medes and Persians under Cyrus control most of Asia Minor

-530                  Jews freed after Cyrus the Persian conquers Babylon

-525                  Persians expand into Egypt, Asia Minor and towards India

-486                  Xerxes becomes King of Persia

-165                  Jewish kingdom revived under Hasmoneans and Maccabees

-87                    Babylonian tablet records passage of Halley's Comet

-63                    Romans under Pompey conquer Palestine

-4                     Birth of Jesus Christ

33                     Death of Jesus Christ

67                     Death of St Paul

70                     Jerusalem destroyed by Romans after rebellion

135                   Emperor Hadrian completes destruction of Palestine

.......................................................................................................

ANCIENT GREECE: 4400.BC to 267.AD

-4400                Minoan (or Aegean) culture established in Crete

-2700                First settlement at Troy

-1600                Greek tribes settle in Greece and Asia Minor

-1400                Knossos sacked - end of Minoan civilization

-1200                Siege of Troy, and adventures of Iliad and Odyssey

-1200                Mycaenean civilization starts to decline

-776                  First Olympic Games held in Greece

-490                  Greeks defeat Persians under Darius and Xerxes

-450                  Great statue of Zeus built at Olympia

-430                  Peleponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta

-330                  Alexander the Great defeats Persians - expands towards India

-320                  Alexander the Great dies and Greek empire is split

-250                  Parthians control much of Eastern Greek empire

267                   Goths overrun Greece, capture Athens and sack other cities

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EARLY INDIA: 3000.BC to 1556.AD

-3000                Advanced civilization (Dravidians) in Indus Valley

-2500                Tribes of Aryans (Indo-Europeans) gradually move into India

-540                  Magadha kingdom in Northern India becomes dominant power

-528                  Enlightenment of Gautama Buddha

-480                  Death of Gautama Buddha and spread of his teachings

-330                  Alexander the Great makes incursions into India

-240                  King Asoka extends his empire to cover most of India

550                   White Huns from the north west destroy Indian empire

1206                 Turkish Sultanate established in Delhi - power centralized

1398                 Mongols under Tamerlaine invade Northern Indian and sack Delhi

1519                 Sikhism founded in India

1526                 Babar (Babur), descendent of Mongol leader Tamerlaine founds Mughal 

                        (Mogul) Empire in India

1556                 Mughal leader Akbar comes to power - controls most of India

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EARLY CHINA AND JAPAN: 2500.BC to 907.AD

-2500                First Golden Age of China under Yao, Shun and Yu

-1600                Shang Dynasty - advanced civilization and literature

-1030                Chou Dynasty - feudal system established

-660                  Japanese Empire established by Jimmu

-500                  Wars between rival Chinese kingdoms

-500                  Confucius preaching in China

-480                  Ch'in Dynasty - standardized language and administration

-220                  Shih Huang Ti first emperor of united China

-210                  Great Wall of China built to keep out Mongolians

-200                  Han Dynasty - Mandarin bureaucracy and invention of paper

-140                  Emperor Wu Ti expands Chinese Empire

200                   Silk, porcelain and tea exported to west on Silk Road

220                   End of Han Dynasty - China divided for 3 centuries

400                   Japanese states united by Yamato clan

400                   Shinto cult in Japan

520                   Zen form of Buddhism introduced to China from India

581                   Sui Dynasty - China reunited

600                   China's Grand Canal (longest canal system in world) rebuilt

600                   Khmer Empire established in Indo-China

618                   T'ang Dynasty in China - arts and literature thrive

683                   Empress Wu becomes first and only Chinese woman ruler

710                   Japanese capital established at Nara

794                   Kyoto becomes capital of Japan during Heian period

868                   First book printed in China

907                   "Five Dynasties" and partition of China

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EARLY AMERICAS: 2000.BC to 1490.AD

-2000                Neolithic cultures in Peruvian desert

-1500                Olmecs settle on Gulf Coast of Mexico

-900                  Chavin culture predominates in northern Peru

-400                  Mayan civilizations develop in Central America

150                   High Mayan society in Guatemala and Mexico

250                   Classic period of Mayan civilization

650                   Zapotec civilization of southern Mexico at its zenith

700                   Widespread pre-Inca culture develops around Lake Titicaca, Peru

900                   Mayan Empire mysteriously collapses

1000                 Viking Leif Erikson "discovers" North America

1100                 Inca tribes move into Cusco valley, Peru

1200                 Cahokia capital of Mississipian cultures of North America

1470                 Centralized Incan empire stretches from Ecuador to Argentina

1490                 Aztec Empire covers much of Mesoamerica by this time

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ANCIENT ROME: 1000.BC to 476.AD

-1000                Early Roman tribes settle around Rome

-750                  Foundation of city of Rome

-510                  Republic of Rome declared

-490                  Romans free themselves from Etruscan domination

-280                  Romans control most of Italy

-260                  Start of Punic Wars against Carthage

-200                  Scipio defeats Hannibal and the Carthaginians

-140                  Romans finally destroy Carthage

-71                    Death of Spartacus (Thracian rebel and insurrectionist)

-63                    Romans under Pompey conquer Palestine

-55                    Julius Caesar takes Britain after annexing Gaul for Rome

-48                    Julius Caesar becomes Roman leader after defeating Pompey

-44                    Julius Caesar assassinated and Augustus takes over as leader

-31                    Augustus defeats his rival Marcus Antonio and Cleopatra

-27                    Augustus becomes first Roman emperor

70                     Jerusalem destroyed by Romans

79                     Destruction of Pompei by Vesuvius volcano

122                   Hadrian's Wall built in Britain

135                   Emperor Hadrian completes destruction of Palestine

150                   Roman-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy describes motions of stars and 

                         planets

315                   Under Diocletian, Roman Empire split into East (Byzantine) and West

410                   Rome sacked by Alaric the Visigoth

446                   Romans pull out of Britain

476                   Romulus Augustulus, last Western Roman Emperor, deposed

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EARLY AFRICA: 800.BC to 1652.AD

-800                  Phoenicians establish colony at Carthage, North Africa

-500                  Iron Age Nok culture thriving in Nigeria

-200                  Axum Kingdom established in Ethiopia

50                     Aksum line of Ethiopian kings start rule

100                   Bantu people of West Africa start to spread south and east

400                   Ghana controls important African gold trade

1000                 Zimbabwe culture influencial in East Africa

1050                 Islamic Berber dynasties established in Sahel

1230                 Ghanaian Empire replaced by Mali, centred around Timbuktu

1325                 Zenith of Mandingo Empire in Mali

1340                 Songhai Empire replaces Mali rule

1483                 Portuguese travellers discover Congo River

1493                 Songhai Empire reaches height of power under Sonni Ali

1516                 Algiers taken by pirate Barbarossa for Holy Roman Empire

1571                 Bornu Empire in Central Sudan at its zenith under Idris III

1592                 Moorish conquest of African Songhai Empire

1652                 Dutch establish first colony in South Africa

.......................................................................................................

BARBARIAN INVASIONS: 214.AD to 1000.AD

214                   Goths from Baltic infiltrate as far south as Black Sea

267                   Goths overrun Greece, capture Athens and sack other cities

367                   Picts, Scots and Saxons invade Britain

372                   Huns from Asia penetrate into Europe

410                   Rome sacked by Alaric the Visigoth

415                   Visigoths invade Spain

429                   Vandals invade North Africa and Spain

452                   Attila the Hun invades Gaul, Italy and Balkans

550                   White Huns from the north west destroy Indian empire

793                   Vikings invade Britain

862                   Vikings under Rurik invade Russia and establish state

1000                 Viking Leif Erikson "discovers" North America

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BYZANTINE EMPIRE: 315.AD to 1453.AD

315                   Roman Empire split into East (Byzantine) and West

330                   Emperor Constantine builds Constantinople (Byzantium)

527                   Accession of Emperor Justinian - Code of Civil Law

537                   Hagia Sophia cathedral built in Constantinople

552                   Byzantines complete conquest of Italy and Spain

627                   Byzantines under Heraclius defeat Persians

1018                 Bulgars subjected by Byzantine Emperor Basil 11

1261                 Constantinople restored to Byzantine rule after 4th Crusade

1453                 Constantinople taken by Turks - end of Byzantine Empire

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EARLY SPAIN AND PORTUGAL: 415.AD to 1433.AD

415                   Visigoths invade Spain

711                   Moors (Muslims) invade Spain

1085                 Kingdom of Castile re-conquers Toledo from Moors

1094                 Spanish knight El Cid takes Valencia from Moors

1118                 Kingdom of Aragon captures Santiago from Moors

1212                 Decisive victory of Spaniards over Moors

1266                 Spain and Portugal finally throw off Moorish domination

1385                 Portugal achieves independence from Spain

1433                 Portuguese Henry the Navigator makes his first explorations

.......................................................................................................

EARLY BRITAIN: 446.AD to 1042.AD

446                   Romans pull out of Britain

492                   St Patrick completes Christian conversion of Ireland

500                   King Arthur and Knights of Round Table (legendary)

597                   Pope Gregory the Great sends St Augustine to convert Britons

663                   Roman Christianity accepted in Britain

735                   Death of Venerable Bede (scholar and historian)

793                   Vikings invade Britain

795                   Death of King Offa - end of Mercian domination of England

825                   Wessex under Egbert becomes dominant in England

843                   Kenneth McAlpin becomes first king of Scots and Picts

866                   Much of England occupied by Viking Great Army

871                   Alfred the Great defeats Danish invaders in Britain

899                   Edward the Elder succeeds Alfred the Great

937                   West Saxons under Athelstan now masters of England

1013                 Ethelred the Unready flees to Normandy before the Danes

1016                 Danish King Canute comes to English throne

1018                 Scotland under Malcolm II annexes Strathclyde and Cumbria

1040                 Macbeth becomes king of Scotland

1042                 Edward the Confessor becomes king of England

.......................................................................................................

EARLY FRANCE: 451.AD to 1589.AD

451                   Attila the Hun invades Gaul - repelled by Romans

481                   Francs under Clovis found Merovingian Kingdom in Gaul

732                   Charles Martel halts Muslim advance into France

751                   Pepin founds Carolingian line

771                   Charlemagne becomes king of Francs - expands into Germany and Italy

800                   Charlemagne crowned Emperor

843                   Treaty of Verdun - seperate France and Germany established

876                   Charles the Fat inherits Frankish Empire

910                   Abbey of Cluny founded - monastic reforms begin

987                   Hugh Capet made King of France

990                   Rollo the Viking rules Normandy (as a fiefdom of France)

1215                 Dominican Order of monks founded in Languedoc

1223                 Franciscan Order of monks founded

1285                 France under Philp IV extends French influence

1309                 Papacy moves to Avignon for over a century

1312                 France and Papacy suppress Knights Templar

1328                 Valois Dynasty takes over from House of Capet in France

1337                 Beginning of Hundred Years' War between England and France

1358                 "The Jaquerie" - French peasant revolt

1415                 Battle of Agincourt - Henry V of England victorious in France

1431                 Joan of Arc burnt at stake after military campaigns against England

1453                 English finally defeated in France at Castillon - end of Hundred Years' War

1461                 Louis XI becomes king of France

1477                 Charles the Bold defeated at Nancy - end of Rise of Burgundy

1515                 Francis I of France takes Milan and much of Northern Italy

1525                 Charles V of Hapsburg retakes Northern Italy from France

1562                 Huguenots fight for right to follow Calvinism in France

1572                 Massacre of St Bartholemew - Huguenots routed

1576                 French Catholic League formed by Guise family

.......................................................................................................

EARLY ITALY: 489.AD to 1380.AD

489                   Ostrogoths, under Byzantine rule, govern Italy

529                   Monte Cassino, main monastery of Benedictine order, established

586                   German Lombards divide Italy with Byzantine and Papacy

840                   Muslims occupy much of Southern Italy

1169                 Eruption of Mount Etna, Sicily (15,000 killed)

1176                 Barbarossa defeated by Lombards - state of Italy founded

1380                 Venice victorious over Genoa at Battle of Chioggia

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RISE OF ISLAM AND PERSIA: 622.AD to 1587.AD

622                   Hejira - Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina

624                   Jihad - Mohammed and his followers subdue Mecca

638                   Jeruslam captured by Muslims

669                   Muslims halted by Byzantines at Constantinople

711                   Muslims invade Spain

732                   Muslim army stopped by Charles Martel in France

762                   Baghdad becomes centre of Arab/Muslim golden age of arts

809                   Death of Harun-ar-Rashid, Caliph of Baghdad

840                   Muslims occupy much of Southern Italy

945                   Persian Muslims capture Baghdad

1037                 Death of Avicenna (Persian philosopher and physician)

1099                 First Crusade retakes Jerusalem from Muslims

1123                 Death of Omar Khayyam (Persian poet and mathematician)

1187                 Muslims under Saladin destroy Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

1198                 Death of Averroes (Arab philosopher)

1272                 Last Crusade (Ninth) ends in failure

1291                 Acre recaptured by Muslims (end of Christian influence in area)

1502                 Fanatical Shi'ite Islam develops under Safavids of Persia

1587                 Shah Abbas the Great becomes rules of Persia

.......................................................................................................

EARLY NORTHERN EUROPE: 680.AD to 1417.AD

680                   Bulgar Empire established in Balkans

850                   Slavs inhabit most of Eastern Central Europe

893                   Bulgar Empire in Balkans expands under Simeon

896                   Magyars rule area around Hungary

1000                 Stephen I becomes King of Hungary

1230                 Teutonic Knights established in Prussia

1256                 Hanseatic League formed around Baltic - trade flourishes

1415                 Jan Hus, Bohemian religious reformer, martyred

1417                 First Hohenzollern Margrave of Brandenburg (Prussia)

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EARLY GERMANY AND HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE: 843.AD to 1273.AD

843                   Treaty of Verdun - seperate France and Germany established

936                   Otto I expands German Empire to Poland and Austria

962                   Otto I crowned Emperor of Holy Roman (German) Empire

1077                 Emperor Henry IV forced to yield to Pope Gregory VII

1122                 Concordat of Worms established papal right to invest bishops

1152                 Frederick II (Barbarossa) becomes Holy Roman Emperor

1176                 Frederick II defeated by Lombards - state of Italy founded

1273                 Rudolph I first Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor

.......................................................................................................

EARLY RUSSIA: 862.AD to 1584.AD

862                   Viking state founded in Russia by Rurik - Slavs united

1119                 Kiev sacked by Slavs and kingdom split

1241                 Mongols invade Russia and Central Europe

1246                 Alexander Nevsky becomes Grand Duke of Vladimir

1363                 Mongol leader Tamerlaine starts conquest of Russia

1380                 Muskovite Russians defeat Mongols

1462                 Muskovite Ivan III first to adopt title of Tsar

1471                 Ivan III takes Novgorod and extends influence

1481                 Final defeat of Mongol forces by Russians

1533                 Ivan IV (the Terrible) crowned Tsar of Russia

1556                 Ivan the Terrible increases Russian territory in south and east

1584                 Boris Godunov temporarily takes control of Russia

.......................................................................................................

EARLY SCANDINAVIA: 930.AD to 1721.AD

930                   Althing, oldest functioning parliament in world, established in Iceland

995                   Olaf I brings Christianity to Norwegian Vikings

1000                 Viking Leif Erikson "discovers" North America

1256                 Hanseatic League formed in Baltic - trade blossoms

1397                 Denmark, Norway and Sweden unite under Danish Queen Margaret

1523                 Swedes expel Danish overlords

1632                 King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden ("Lion of the North") dies

1670                 Hanseatic League abandoned

1700                 Charles XII starts Great Northern War against Russia

1709                 Russians rout Swedes at Battle of Poltava - end of Swedish dominance

1721                 Russia takes Livonia and Estonia from Swedes at end of Great Northern 

                        War

.......................................................................................................

MEDIEVAL CHINA: 960.AD to 1751.AD

960                   Northern Sung Dynasty in China - paper money introduced

1100                 Angkor Wat temple built by Khmers in Cambodia

1141                 Barbarian Chin Dynasty takes over Northern China

1279                 Kublai Khan's Mongol Dynasty in China and Asia

1295                 Reports of China brought back to west by Venetian Marco Polo

1368                 Ming Dynasty replaces Mongol rule after native rebellion

1400                 Muslim-influenced Malacca state dominant in South-East Asia

1433                 Chinese explorer Cheng Ho reaches East African coast

1556                 Shaanxi earthquake kills 830,000

1557                 Portuguese have trading monopoly in China through Macao

1644                 Manchu Dynasty seizes power and extends Chinese influence further

1751                 Chinese conquer Tibet

.......................................................................................................

RISE OF TURKISH EMPIRE: 1055.AD to 1546.AD

1055                 Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad

1075                 Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem

1206                 Muslim Sultanate established by Turks in Delhi, India

1326                 Ottoman Turk Empire begins under Orkhan

1355                 Ottoman Suleiman takes Gallipoli - advances into Europe

1389                 Ottoman Turks defeat Christian forces at Kossovo

1443                 Turkish advance westwards set back by European federation in Hungary

1453                 Turkish forces capture Constantinople from Byzantines

1476                 Vlad the Impaler (Dracula) of Wallachia killed by Turkish forces

1514                 Start of series of wars between Turkish and Persian Empires

1517                 Turks conquer Egypt

1526                 Turks under Suliman the Magnificent take Hungary

1529                 Turks lay siege to Vienna

1535                 Hapsburg Charles V drives Turks back from Hungary

.......................................................................................................

MEDIEVAL ENGLAND: 1066.AD to 1476.AD

1066                 Norman Conquest of England under William I ("the Conqueror")

1071                 Saxon leader Hereward the Wake finally yields to Normans

1086                 Domesday Book compiled by William I

1106                 Henry I of England recaptures Normandy

1119                 Knights Templar Order founded in Britain

1135                 Stephen takes English crown, and Anarchy begins

1154                 Henry II (of Anjou) becomes first Plantagenet King of England

1169                 Henry II sends Strongbow to subdue Ireland

1170                 Thomas à Beckett murdered in Canterbury Cathedral on Henry II's orders

1189                 Richard I (the Lionheart) becomes King of England

1199                 John takes English throne while Richard away on Crusades

1205                 English under John driven out of Normandy and France

1215                 King John forced to sign Magna Carta

1226                 "Summer is icumen in": one of first examples of written music

1249                 First college founded at Oxford (University College)

1265                 Simon de Montford establishes Parliament in England

1272                 Edward I becomes first true "English" King of England

1296                 Edward I makes incursions into Scotland

1314                 Scots under Robert Bruce defeat English at Bannockburn

1328                 Treaty of Northampton - full Scottish sovereignty recognized

1337                 Beginning of Hundred Years' War between England and France

1348                 Black Death plague reaches Britain

1381                 Wat Tyler's Peasant Revolt in England crushed

1384                 John Wycliff killed for his Lollard heresies

1398                 Dick Whittington becomes Mayor of London

1399                 Henry IV II deposes Richard - Lancastrian rule in England

1400                 Owen Glendower revolts in Wales

1415                 Battle of Agincourt - Henry V victorious in France

1450                 Popular discontent erupts in Jack Cade's Rebellion

1453                 Battle of Castillon - English finally defeated in France

1455                 Wars of the Roses begin between Houses of Lancaster and York

1470                 "Kingmaker" Warwick turns Lancastrian and deposes Edward IV

1476                 William Caxton sets up first printing press in London

.......................................................................................................

CRUSADES: 1075.AD to 1291.AD

1075                 Turkish Muslims take Jerusalem

1099                 First Crusade under Godfrey of Bouillon re-takes Jerusalem

1148                 Second Crusade fails to capture Damascus

1187                 Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, captures Jerusalem again

1192                 Third Crusade captures Acre but fails to regain Jerusalem

1204                 Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople - founds Latin Empire

1212                 Children's Crusade ends in disaster - Pied Piper legend

1291                 End of Crusades (Tenth) with fall of Acre

.......................................................................................................

FEUDAL JAPAN: 1185.AD to 1694.AD

1185                 Start of feudal epoch (Shoguns) of Kamakura period in Japan

1191                 Zen movement from China becomes popular in Japan

1274                 Mongol attacks on Japan repulsed

1336                 Ashikaga period in Japan - feudal lords and Samurai warriors

1549                 Spanish Jesuit Francis Xavier tries to convert Japanese to Christianity

1585                 Japan unified under dictator Hideyoshi

1597                 Christian converts persecuted in Japan

1603                 Tokugawa period - feudal Japan finally unified and pacified

1640                 Japan excludes all foreigners

.......................................................................................................

MONGOL EMPIRE: 1206.AD to 1481.AD

1206                 Ghengis Khan, King of Mongols (Tatars), starts conquests

1231                 Mongol attacks on Japan repulsed

1240                 Batu establishes Mongol "Empire of the Golden Horde"

1241                 Mongols under Ghengis Khan invade Russia and Central Europe

1279                 Kublai Khan continues Mongol Dynasty in China and Asia

1363                 Mongols re-united under Tamerlaine

1380                 Muskovite Russians defeat Mongols

1398                 Mongols under Tamerlaine invade Northern India and sack Delhi

1402                 Tamerlaine overthrows Turks in Asia Minor

1481                 Final defeat of Mongol forces by Russians

.......................................................................................................

EARLY POLAND: 1226.AD to 1830.AD

1226                 Mongol forces invade Poland

1256                 Hanseatic League formed in Baltic - trade flourishes

1320                 Valdislav I crowned King of Poland - reunites territory

1333                 Casimir the Great becomes King of Poland

1386                 Jagellons Dynasty starts 190 year rule in Poland

1410                 Poles and Lithuanians under Vladislav II defeat Teutonic Knights

1447                 Poland and Lithuania unite

1506                 Golden Age of Poland begins under Sigismund I and II

1543                 Polish astronomer Nicolas Copernicus shows that Earth revolves around 

                         Sun

1572                 Poland declares itself a republic

1648                 Cossack uprising begins Polish demise as a major power

1670                 Hanseatic League abandoned

1772                 West Prussia annexed from Poland by Prussia

1795                 Remainder of Poland divided between Prussia, Russia and Austria

1814                 Poland ruled by Russia after defeat of Napoleon

1830                 Polish rebellion against Russia defeated

.......................................................................................................

EARLY SWITZERLAND: 1291.AD to 1541.AD

1291                 "Everlasting League" forms nucleus of Swiss confederation

1312                 Swiss patriot William Tell (legendary) foments revolt against Austrian rulers

1315                 Hapsburgs driven out of Switzerland

1386                 Swiss confederation achieves independence from Hapsburgs

.......................................................................................................

RENAISSANCE ITALY: 1420.AD to 1798.AD

1420                 Filippo Brunelleschi credited with invention of linear perspective in art

1434                 Cosimo di Medici begins Medici rule in Florence

1435                 Donatello makes bronze sculpture "David"

1436                 Filippo Brunelleschi designs Duomo of Florence

1469                 Lorenzo di Medici (the Magnificent) rules in Florence

1494                 Italy invaded by French under Charles VIII

1500                 High Renaissance in art centred in Italy

1503                 Powerful Italian general Caesar Borgia defeated in Spain

1515                 Francis I of France takes Milan and much of Northern Italy

1525                 Charles V of Hapsburg retakes Northern Italy from France

1582                 Gregorian calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII

1594                 Death of Tinteretto (artist)

1669                 Last major eruption of Mount Etna, Sicily (20,000 killed)

.......................................................................................................

AUSTRO-GERMAN HAPSBURG EMPIRE: 1438.AD to 1848.AD

1438                 Albert II first hereditary Hapsburg Holy Roman Empire

1456                 Johann Gutenberg sets up printing press - Mazarin Bible

1477                 Netherlands, Luxembourg and Burgundy brought under German control

1516                 Hapsburg Charles V now king over Germany, Netherlands and Spain

1517                 Luther publishes 95 Theses - start of Reformation

1520                 Luther excommunicated

1521                 Charles V divides Hapsburg Empire between Austria and Spain

1526                 Hungarian and Bohemian crowns unite with Austrian Hapsburgs

1527                 Charles V retakes Northern Italy from France and sacks Rome

1545                 Catholic Counter-Reformation after Council of Trent

1555                 Peace of Augsburg - allows choice of religious denomination

1556                 Charles V leaves Austria to Ferdinand and Spain to Philip II

1618                 Thirty Years' War in Germany to decide Bohemian succession

1699                 Treaty of Karlowitz - Turks concede Hungary to Austria

1740                 Maria Teresa succedes to Austrian throne

1763                 Austria defeated in Seven year' War and loses Silesia

1774                 Goethe's "Werther" heralds Romantic Era

1780                 Joseph II assumes sole power over Austrian empire

1781                 Immanuel Kant publishes "Critique of Pure Reason"

1797                 Napoleon compels Austria to make peace

1804                 Francis II declared first hereditary emperor of Austria

1806                 Empire re-organized by Napoleon - end of Holy Roman Empire

1809                 Uprising in Germany and Austria - war against Napoleon renewed

1848                 Francis Joseph accedes to Austrian throne after rising

1848                 Hungary declares independence from Austrian Empire

.......................................................................................................

EARLY NETHERLANDS: 1477.AD to 1890.AD

1477                 Netherlands, Luxembourg and Burgundy brought under German Hapsburg) 

                         control

1516                 Hapsburg Charles V now king of Netherlands, Germany and Spain

1568                 William the Silent leads Dutch in revolt against Hapsburgs

1578                 Dutch provinces fight against Spanish domination

1580                 Dutch sieze many Portuguese trading posts throughout the world

1581                 Netherlands proclaims independence from Spain and wars start

1609                 Dutch republic breaks away from Holy Roman Empire and Spanish rule

1648                 Netherlands finally achieves independence from Spain - Peace of 

                         Westphalia

1688                 Dutch William of Orange invited to take English throne

1814                 Netherlands acquires Belgium after Napoleon defeated

1826                 Dutch steamship "Curaçao" first to cross Atlantic

1830                 Belgian revolution establishes independence from Netherlands

1890                 Death of Vincent Van Gogh (artist)

.......................................................................................................

IMPERIAL SPAIN: 1479.AD to 1898.AD

1479                 Aragon and Castile united by marriage of Ferdinand and Isabela

1481                 Spanish Inquisition begins in Castile

1492                 Genoese Christopher Columbus "discovers" West Indies for Spain

1492                 Granada last Spanish city to be re-captured from Moors

1496                 Spanish crown marries into Austrian House of Hapsburg

1498                 Christopher Columbus briefly lands on South American mainland

1512                 Spaniard Vasco Núñez de Balboa first to see Pacific Ocean

1516                 Hapsburg Charles V becomes King of Spain

1522                 Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan's expedition for Spain first to 

                         circumnavigate globe

1534                 Spaniard Ignatius Loyola founds Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

1558                 Philip II inherits Spain and other lands from Hapsburgs

1568                 Beginning of English-Spanish maritime feud - Hawkins & Drake

1580                 Philip II of Spain annexes Portugal and its dependencies

1581                 Netherlands proclaims independence from Spain and wars begin

1588                 Sir Francis Drake of England defeats Spanish Armada

1640                 Portugal establishes independence from Spain again

1648                 Netherlands finally achieves independence from Spain - Peace of 

                         Westphalia

1659                 Peace of the Pyrenees - France replaces Spain as world power

1700                 War of Spanish Succession: France wins and Bourbon made King of Spain

1834                 Carlist Wars in Spain

1868                 Revolution deposes Queen Isabella II of Spain

1873                 First Republic of Spain declared

1898                 Spain loses rest of its empire in Spanish-American War

.......................................................................................................

BRITAIN UNDER THE TUDORS: 1485 to 1603.AD

1485                 Tudor Henry VII made King of England after Battle of Bosworth Field

1513                 James IV of Scotland killed by English forces at Flodden

1529                 Cardinal Wolsey dismissed by Henry VIII

1533                 Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn without papal approval

1547                 Henry VIII dies and his son Edward VI comes to English throne

1548                 Mary Queen of Scots flees to France

1553                 Lady Jane Grey briefly made Queen by Earl of Northumberland

1553                 Mary succedes to English throne and restores Catholicism

1553                 Systematic perscution of Protestants by "Bloody Mary"

1558                 Elizabeth I accedes after Mary's death

1568                 Beginning of English-Spanish maritime feud - Hawkins & Drake

1577                 Sir Francis Drake begins voyage around world

1587                 Mary Queen of Scots executed for treason

1588                 Sir Francis Drake defeats Spanish Armada

1600                 East India Company founded

1603                 Elizabeth I dies - end of Tudor rule in England

.......................................................................................................

IMPERIAL PORTUGAL: 1488 to 1910.AD

1488                 Portuguese Bartholomeu Dias first to round Cape of Good Hope

1498                 Portuguese Vasco de Gama reaches India by sea

1510                 Portuguese trading empire established at Goa, India

1522                 Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan's expedition for Spain first to 

                         circumnavigate globe

1580                 Philip II of Spain annexes Portugal and its dependencies

1640                 Portugal establishes independence from Spain again

1910                 Portuguese monarchy abolished in favour of republic

.......................................................................................................

THE NEW WORLD: 1492 to 1763.AD

1492                 Genoese Christoher Columbus "discovers" West Indies for Spain

1497                 John Cabot lands in Canada - later claimed for England

1513                 Juan Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain

1519                 Portuguese/Spaniard Ferdinand Magellan rounds South American mainland

1521                 Mexico conquered for Spain by Hernando Cortes

1535                 Peru conquered for Spain by Francisco Pizarro

1538                 Colombia conquered for Spain by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada

1540                 Spaniard Franciso de Coronado explores North America

1607                 First permanent British settlement founded in Virginia, North America

1608                 Permanent French colony founded in Quebec by Samuel de Champlain

1620                 Puritan Pilgrim Father establish colony in New England

1652                 Dutch establish colony (present day New York) in North America

1664                 New York taken from Dutch by British

1682                 French claim large territories in Louisiana

1732                 Georgia, last of original American colonies, settled by British

1759                 General James Wolfe takes French Quebec for Britain

.......................................................................................................

DECLINE OF TURKISH EMPIRE: 1579 to 1908.AD

1579                 Start of decline of Turkish Empire with death of Sokolli

1683                 Second siege of Vienna - last major Turkish attack on Europe

1699                 Large Turkish concessions to Austria, Hungary and Poland

1831                 Greece gains independence from Turkey with help from Britain

1882                 Turks lose control of most of their old territories

1897                 Greek-Turkish War

1908                 "Young Turk" Revolution establishes constitution in Turkey

.......................................................................................................

FRANCE UNDER BOURBON KINGS: 1589 to 1788.AD

1589                 Henry IV first Bourbon King of France

1608                 Permanent French colony founded in Canada by Samuel de Champlain

1610                 Henry IV of France assassinated by Catholic fanatic

1642                 Cardinal Richelieu dies and Cardinal Mazarin takes over

1643                 Louis XIV ("Sun King") becomes King of France at 5 years old

1659                 French frontiers enlarged after treaty with Spain

1667                 Louis XIV starts series of wars to expand French borders

1680                 Louis XIV annexes Alsace for France

1682                 French claim large American possessions in Louisiana

1685                 Edict of Nantes revoked - Protestant Huguenots flee France

1701                 Grand Alliance of England, Netherlands and Austria against France

1704                 English under Duke of Marlborough defeat French at Blenheim

1715                 Louis XIV dies and Louis XV succedes

1763                 Treaty of Paris confirms English domination in Canada

1774                 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette succede to French throne

1783                 Montgolfier brother becomes first men to fly (in hot-air balloon)

.......................................................................................................

COLONIAL INDIA: 1600 to 1930.AD

1600                 British East India Company founded

1639                 East India Company establishes city of Madras

1648                 Taj Mahal built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan

1739                 Persian army sacks Delhi and all but ends Mughal power

1857                 Sepoy Rebellion - Indian army mutinies against British

1876                 Great Famine in Southern India kills over 5 million

1930                 Mahatma Ghandi leads Salt March in India

.......................................................................................................

BRITAIN UNDER THE STUARTS: 1603 to 1714.AD

1618                 Sir Walter Raleigh executed

1620                 Puritan Pilgrim Fathers establish a colony in North America

1625                 Charles I succedes James I as King of England

1640                 English Civil War starts - Royalist Cavaliers against Puritan Roundheads

1649                 Cromwell has Charles I executed and sets up Commonwealth

1651                 Charles II escapes Cromwell to France

1652                 Strengthened British navy defeats Dutch in First Dutch War

1665                 Great Plague

1666                 Great Fire of London

1690                 William III defeats James and Louis XIV at Boyne, Ireland

1701                 England joins Grand Alliance against Louis XIV

1702                 Anne comes to English throne

1704                 English under Duke of Marlborough defeat French at Blenheim

1707                 England and Scotland become United Kingdom of Great Britain

1713                 Treaty of Utrecht - England gain favourable peace with France

.......................................................................................................

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND: 1606 to 2000.AD

1606                 Dutch explorers land on Australian mainland

1642                 Abel Tasman claims Tasmania for Netherlands - later claimed by Britain

1770                 Captain James Cook claims New Zealand and Eastern Australia for Britain

1814                 British missionaries start to convert Maoris of New Zealand

1851                 Gold discovered in Australia

1867                 End of transportation of criminals to Australia

1893                 New Zealand becomes first country to give vote to women

1901                 Commonwealth of Australia established

1951                 ANZUS Pact signed by Australia, New Zealand and USA

1953                 New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary first to reach summit of Everest

.......................................................................................................

RUSSIA UNDER THE ROMANOVS: 1613 to 1916.AD

1613                 Michael Romanov (first of dynasty) becomes Tsar of Russia

1637                 Russian pioneers reach Pacific coast

1682                 Peter I (the Great) becomes Tsar of Russia

1695                 Peter the Great defeats Turks at Sea of Azoz

1703                 St Petersburg made capital of Russia

1709                 Russians rout Swedes at Battle of Poltava

1721                 Russia takes Livonia and Estonia from Swedes at end of Great Northern 

                         War

1772                 Poland split between Russia and Prussia

1773                 Short-lived revolt in Russia led by cossack Pugachov

1812                 Napoleon's Grand Army destroyed - retreat from Moscow

1814                 Russia gains Poland and Finland after Napoleon's defeat

1854                 Crimean War - Russia against England and France

1861                 Emancipation of serfs in Russia

1865                 Tashkent becomes centre of Russian expansion in Central Asia

1878                 Russo-Turkish War liberates Serbia and Rumania from Turkish rule

 1881                 Start of pogroms against Russian Jews

1884                 Russia expands into Turkistan, Caucuses and eastwards

1903                 Bolshevik Party established in Russia

1904                 Russo-Japanese War

1905                 "Bloody Sunday" massace of protestors in St Petersburg

1914                 First World War - Germany/Austria vs Russia/France

.......................................................................................................

RISE OF PRUSSIA: 1618 to 1870.AD

1618                 Hohenzollerns of Brandenberg (Prussia) acquire East Prussia

1640                 Frederick, Great Elector of Brandenberg, expands Prussia

1670                 Hanseatic League abandoned

1701                 Frederick crowned King of Prussia

1713                 Frederick William becomes next King of Prussia

1740                 Frederick II (The Great) succedes to Prussian throne

1756                 Seven Years' War - Prussia proves itself a major power

1772                 Prussia annexes West Prussia from Poland

1795                 Remainder of Poland divided between Prussia, Russia and Austria

1806                 Prussians defeated by Napoleon at Jena

1814                 Prussia obtains Saxony and Ruhr after Napoleon's defeat

1862                 Otto von Bismark becomes First Minister of Prussia at its height

1866                 Prussia captures Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark and Austria

1870                 Prussia war against France culminates in Siege of Paris

.......................................................................................................

GEORGIAN BRITAIN: 1714 to 1836.AD

1757                 Robert Clive ("Clive of India") conquers Bengal for Britain

1770                 Captain James Cook "discovers" Australia

1776                 America declares independence from Britain

1779                 First cast iron bridge built at Coalbrookdale, England

1781                 British finally surrender to Americans at Yorktown

1805                 British under Lord Horatio Nelson defeat Napoleon at Trafalgar

1807                 Slave trade abolished in Britain

1811                 Luddite riots against new technologies

1815                 British under Duke of Wellington finally defeat Napoleon at Waterloo

.......................................................................................................

INDEPENDENT AMERICA: 1773 to 1909.AD

1773                 Boston Tea Party signals start of American Revolution

1776                 America declares independence from Britain

1781                 British finally surrender to Americans at Yorktown

1787                 American Constitution drafted

1812                 French and British forces repel American attacks on Canada

1814                 British forces burn Washington before negotiating peace for Canada

1819                 Spain cedes Florida territory to America

1848                 California Gold Rush begins

1861                 Start of American Civil War

1865                 End of American Civil War

1865                 Abolition of slavery in America

1866                 Anti-black Ku Klux Klan formed

1867                 America buys Alaska from Russia

1867                 Confederation of Canada

.......................................................................................................

MODERN SCANDINAVIA: 1778 to 2000.AD

1778                 Swede Linnaeus publishes treatise on biological labelling

1814                 Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden

1866                 Swede Alfred Nobel produces dynamite

1905                 Norway separates from Sweden

1906                 Norwegian Roald Amundsen navigates North-West Passage

1944                 Iceland declares independence from Denmark

1973                 Carl XVI Gustaf becomes King of Sweden

.......................................................................................................

FRENCH REPUBLIC AND EMPIRE: 1789 to 1906.AD

1789                 Storming of the Bastille - start of French Revolution

1792                 French Republic declared

1793                 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette beheaded

1793                 Jean-Paul Marat beheaded after "Reign of Terror"

1794                 Georges Danton and Maximilien Robespierre beheaded

1796                 Napoleon Bonaparte begins conquests in Italy

1797                 Napoleon compels Austria to make peace

1799                 Napoleon leads coup d'etat in France and sets up Consulate

1803                 Napoleon sells Louisiana possessions to America to finance wars

1804                 Napoleon makes himself Emperor of France

1805                 Napoleon defeated by Lord Horatio Nelson at Trafalgar

1806                 German Empire re-organized by Napoleon - end of Holy Roman Empire

1807                 Napoleon controls most of Europe

1808                 Napoleon takes Spain but loses it again in Peninsula Wars

1812                 Napoleon's Grand Army destroyed and retreats from Moscow

1814                 Congress of Vienna - after Napoleon's defeat, Russia gains Poland and 

                         Finland,

.......................................................................................................

Netherlands acquires Belgium, and Prussia obtains Saxony and Ruhr

1814                 Bourbon monarchy restored with Louis XVIII

1815                 Napoleon escapes exile in Elba and re-takes Paris

1815                 Napoleon's final defeat by Duke of Wellington at Waterloo - exiled

1824                 Charles X succedes as King of France

1830                 July Revolution makes Louis-Philippe "Citizen-King"

1840                 Pierre Joseph Proudhon propounds anarchist view that "property is theft"

1848                 Louis-Philippe abdicates - Second Republic declared

1852                 Louis Napoleon declares himself Emperor Napoleon III

1870                 Napoleon III attacks Prussia

1871                 Commune of Paris crushed - Adolphe Thiers made President of French 

                         Republic

1871                 Prussia under Otto von Bismark annexes Alsace and Lorraine from France

1874                 First Impressionist exhibition (named after Monet painting)

1889                 Eiffel Tower built in Paris (designed by Gustave Alexandre Eiffel)

1890                 Lumière bothers develop motion pictures

1894                 Alfred Dreyfus convicted of treason

.......................................................................................................

MODERN LATIN AMERICA: 1800 to 2000.AD

1800                 Haiti becomes first independent state in Latin America

1810                 Argentina first South American state to declare independence

1810                 Simón Bolívar leads uprising against Spaniards in Venezuela

1822                 Brazil becomes nominally independent of Portugal

1876                 Dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz begins in Mexico

1889                 Brazil officially declared a republic

1902                 Eruption of Mount Pelée, Martinique (40,000 killed)

1910                 Mexican Revolution under Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa leads to civil 

                         war

1914                 Panama Canal opened

1917                 Democratic constition established in Mexico

1930                 Military coup in Brazil, start of Vargas dictatorship

1946                 General Juan Perón elected president of Argentina

1952                 Bolivian Revolution

1955                 Coup deposes dictator Juan Perón in Argentina

1959                 Fidel Castro establishes communist dictatorship in Cuba

1961                 Cuban Missile Crisis after US-backed anti-Castro Bay of Pigs invasion fails

1964                 Military dictatorship established in Brazil

1967                 Che Guevara, Cuban revolutionary leader, killed in Bolivia

1970                 Sendero Luminoso ("Shining Path") Maoist guerrilla group founded in Peru

1971                 Hugo Banzer leads military coup in Bolivia and becomes dictator

1973                 General Augusto Pinochet ousts democratic Allende government in Chile

1976                 Military coup in Argentina and start of state-sponsored "Dirty War" (until 

                         1983)

1979                 Military coup in Bolivia

1979                 Somoza regime in Nicaragua ousted by leftist Sandinistas

1982                 Britain regain Falklands Islands (Malvinas) after Argentinian occupation

1985                 Brazil returns to democratic civilian rule

1985                 Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia claims 25,000 lives

1990                 Alberto Fujimori elected President in Peru

.......................................................................................................

COLONIAL AFRICA: 1814 to 1912.AD

1814                 Dutch cede Cape Colony to British

1822                 Colony for freed American slaves established in Liberia

1830                 French capture Algeria from Turks

1836                 Great Trek of Boers (Afrikaners) from British South Africa

1869                 Suez Canal opened in Egypt

1871                 Henry Stanley finds David Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika

1872                 Self-rule granted to Cape Colony in South Africa

1879                 Zulu War in South Africa

1881                 French annexe Tunisia and other North African possessions

1883                 Revolt against British rule in Sudan

1885                 Germany annexes south-western and parts of eastern Africa

1889                 Henry Stanley completes his explorations of Africa

1890                 Cecil Rhodes becomes Prime Minister of Cape Colony

1898                 Horatio Earl Kitchener re-conquers Sudan for Britain

1899                 Beginning of Boer War in South Africa

1900                 British establish control over much of east and central Africa

1902                 Boers surrender to British forces in South Africa

1909                 Union of South Africa established

1912                 African National Congress (ANC) formed in South Africa to fight apartheid

.......................................................................................................

VICTORIAN BRITAIN: 1837 to 1901.AD

1837                 Queen Victoria comes to British throne

1839                 British force Chinese to expand trade in Opium Wars

1840                 Victoria marries Albert of Saxe-Coburg

1840                 End of British practice of deporting convicts to Australia

1841                 China cedes Hong Kong to Britain

1868                 Benjamin Disraeli becomes British Prime Minister

1878                 Salvation Army founded by Rev William Booth

1879                 Britain and France take control of Egypt and Suez Canal

1881                 William Gladstone becomes Prime Minister of Britain

1883                 Revolt against British rule in Sudan

.......................................................................................................

MODERN CHINA: 1839 to 2000.AD

1839                 British force Chinese to expand trade in Opium Wars

1841                 China cedes Hong Kong to Britain

1883                 Eruption of Krakatoa Volcano, Indonesia (35,000 killed)

1894                 Japan invades China - annexes Formosa and Korea

1896                 Siam guarenteed independence from China by Britain and France

1900                 Boxer Rising in China attempts to expel all foreigners

1911                 Chinese Revolution - Sun Yat-Sen establishes Republic

1921                 Chinese Communist Party founded

1928                 Kuomintang under Chang Kai-Shek subdues Chinese warlords

1930                 Civil War in China between Nationalists and Communists

1931                 Floods in Central China kill up to 4 million

1931                 Japanese invade Manchuria

1934                 Long March by Chinese communists under Mao Tse-Tung

1937                 Japanese advance into Northern China and Mongolia

1949                 People's Republic of China proclaimed by Mao Tse-Tung

1952                 Huge collectivization push in rural China

1958                 Dalai Lama flees Tibet from Chinese persecution

1961                 Famine caused by the Great Leap Forward kills an estimated 36 million

1966                 Cultural Revolution begins in China

1969                 Border disputes between China and Russia

1976                 Mao Tse-Tung dies - Gang of Four arrested

1980                 Deng Xiao-Ping becomes Chairman of China

1989                 Pro-democracy protest in Tianenmen Square, Beijing, brutally crushed

1994                 Construction starts on China's Three Gorges Dam

1997                 Hong Kong returns to Chinese rule

1999                 China launches first spacecraft

.......................................................................................................

MODERN ITALY: 1849 to 2000.AD

1849                 Papal regime restored after rebellion declared Rome a republic

1849                 Giuseppe Garibaldi defends Italy against France and Austria

1860                 Piedmont and most of Italy united under Garibaldi

1861                 Victor Emmanel proclaimed King of Italy by first Parliament

1870                 Rome and Papal states annexed to Kingdom of Italy

1922                 Fascist Benito Mussolini siezes power as dictator in Italy

1935                 Benito Mussolini invades Abyssinia

1946                 Italy votes to become a republic

1976                 Giulio Andreotti leads minority government in Italy

1978                 Aldo Moro assassinated by leftist Red Brigade terrorists

1983                 Bettino Craxi leads Italian coalition government

1993                 Salvatore Riina, reputed Mafia leader, arrested

.......................................................................................................

PRE-WAR GERMANY: 1867 to 1911.AD

1867                 Confederation of North German States established

1871                 Prussia under Otto von Bismark annexes Alsace and Lorraine from France

1871                 William I of Prussia proclaimed German Emperor (Kaiser)

1876                 Richard Wagner completes his "Ring" cycle of operas

1882                 Germany, Austria and Italy establish Triple Alliance

1888                 Kaiser William II comes to power

1890                 William II removes Bismark as Chancellor

1895                 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers x-rays

1897                 First zeppelin airship launched

.......................................................................................................

MODERN JAPAN: 1867 to 2000.AD

1867                 Emperor Meiji restored after centuries of Shogun rule

1877                 Satsuma Rebellion in Japan against introduction of new ideas

1894                 Japan invades China - annexes Formosa and Korea

1926                 Hirohito becomes Emperor of Japan

1931                 Japanese invade Manchuria

1937                 Japanese advance into Northern China and Mongolia

1940                 Japan occupies Indo-China

1941                 Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbour brings US into Second World War

1945                 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Japan surrenders

1951                 American post-war occupation of Japan ends

1989                 Akihito succedes his father Hirohito as Emperor of Japan

1995                 The Great Hanshin earthquake hits Kobe, Japan, killing over 6,000

.......................................................................................................

MODERN IRELAND: 1900 to 2000.AD

1905                 Sinn Fein, Irish nationalist (Republican) movement, founded

1919                 Irish Republican Army (IRA) formed as radical military wing of Sinn Fein

1922                 Ireland partitioned into Northern Ireland and Irish Free State (Southern 

                         Ireland)

1932                 Eamonn de Valera becomes Republican Fianna Fail leader

1937                 Eire (Southern Ireland) declares itself completely independent state

1952                 Samuel Beckett develops Theatre of the Absurd - "Waiting for Godot"

1969                 Provisional IRA, terrorist offshoot of IRA, formed

1969                 Catholic vs Protestant "Troubles" resume in Ireland

1972                 "Bloody Sunday" massacre in Ireland

1972                 British impose direct rule on Northern Ireland

1975                 Birmingham Pub Bombings by IRA

1981                 IRA prisoners go on hunger strike - 10 die

1994                 IRA announce unconditional cease-fire - lasts until 1996

1998                 Good Friday Accord (Belfast Agreement) signed by Ireland and Britain

.......................................................................................................

MODERN BRITAIN (UPTIL WW2): 1901 to 1945.AD

1901                 Edward VII comes to English throne

1901                 Marconi sends first transatlantic radio message from Britain

1906                 Movement for Women's Suffrage becomes active in Britain

1906                 Liberal landslide government in Britain

1908                 Herbert Asquith becomes Liberal Prime Minister

1908                 Lord Baden-Powell founds Boy Scouts and Girl Guides

1910                 George V succedes to British throne

1914                 Britain drawn into First World War against Germany

1916                 Inconclusive battles at Verdun and Somme in France

1918                 Lawrence of Arabia aids British forces in Middle East

1918                 End of First World War (25m killed) - Versailles Conference

1918                 Women over 30 granted right to vote in Britain

1918                 Earnest Rutherford splits the atom

1921                 British-Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein publishes his "Tractatus"

1926                 General Strike in Britain

1928                 Sir Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin

1928                 Equal adult suffrage established in Britain

1931                 National Coalition Government in Britain

1932                 Aldous Huxley writes "Brave New World"

1936                 King George V dies - Edward VIII abdicates - George VI accedes

1937                 Neville Chamberlaine's government appeases Germany and Italy

1939                 Britain enters Second World War after Hitler invades Poland

1940                 Sir Winston Churchill becomes British Prime Minister

1940                 Battle of Britain - Germany defeated in air

1942                 British army under Montgomery drives Germans out of Egypt

1944                 D-Day - Allies make crucial push into France

1945                 Germany surrenders - end of Second World War (45m killed)

.......................................................................................................

MODERN FRANCE: 1907 to 2000.AD

1907                 Entente Cordiale between France, Britain and Russia

1914                 First World war - Germany/Austria vs Britain/France/Russia

1916                 Inconclusive battles at Verdun and Somme in France

1918                 End of First World War (25m killed) - Versailles Conference

1935                 France concludes pact of mutual assistance with Russia

1936                 Popular Front government in France under Léon Blum

1939                 France enters Second World War after Hitler invades Poland

1940                 Marshal Pétain agrees armistice with Hitler - France occupied

1942                 Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus develop Existentialism

1944                 D-Day - Allies make crucial push into France

1944                 Charles de Gaulle organizes provisional government after Paris liberated

1945                 End of Second World War (45m killed)

1956                 Suez Crisis - Britain and France attack Egypt

1958                 Charles de Gaulle given extensive powers in France

1962                 Georges Pompidou takes over after vote against Charles de Gaulle

1981                 François Mitterrand becomes first Socialist President of France

.......................................................................................................

MODERN GERMANY: 1914 to 2000.AD

1914                 First World War - Germany/Austria vs Britain/France/Russia

1916                 Inconclusive battles at Verdun and Somme in France

1918                 End of First World War (25m killed) - Versailles Conference

1919                 Treaty of Versailles - Germany loses annexed lands and colonies

1919                 Germany proclaimed a republic

1919                 Bauhaus art movement developed by architect Walter Gropius

1933                 Adolph Hitler becomes dictator after coup

1935                 Germany under Hitler begins persecution of Jews (6m killed)

1938                 Hitler siezes Austria (Anschluss) and Czechoslovakia

1939                 Britain and France enter Second World War after Hitler invades Poland

1941                 Germany invades Russia - Russia enters Second World War

1942                 British army under Montgomery drives Germans out of Egypt

1945                 Germany surrenders - end of Second World War (45m killed)

1946                 Nuremburg War Crimes Tribunal

1949                 West Germany declared a republic - Konrad Adenauer becomes Chanceller

1961                 Berlin Wall built between East and West Germany

1969                 Willi Brandt becomes German Chanceller

1972                 Treaty recognizes East and West Germany as sovereign states

1976                 Baader-Meinhof Gang (leftist terrorists) active in Germany

1980                 Relations between East and West Germany deteriorate

1983                 Helmut Kohl becomes German Chancellor

1989                 Berlin Wall demolished

1990                 East and West Germany unite as Federal Republic of Germany

1998                 German chancellor Helmut Kohl defeated by Gerhard Schröder

.......................................................................................................

MODERN AMERICA (UPTIL WW2): 1914 to 1945.AD

1917                 US enters First World War - balance tips in Allies' favour

1929                 Valentines Day Massacre - Al Capone gains control of Chicago underworld

1929                 Astronomer Edwin Hubble shows that the universe is expanding

1929                 US Stock Market Crash

1933                 FD Roosevelt becomes US President

1934                 Bonnie Parke and Clyde Barrow ("Bonnie and Clyde") killed in Louisiana

1941                 Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbour brings US into WW2

1942                 Manhattan Project established to develop atomic bomb

1945                 US drops first atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

1945                 Germany and Japan surrender - end of Second World War (45m killed)

.......................................................................................................

MODERN RUSSIA: 1917 to 2000.AD

1917                 Bolshevik Revolution under Vladimir Ilych Lenin and Leon Trotsky

1918                 Tsar Nicholas II killed

1918                 Bolsheviks end Russian involvment in First World War

1920                 Russo-Polish War

1921                 Economic collapse and famine in Russia - 5 million die

1924                 Joseph Stalin becomes Premiere of Russia after Death of Lenin

1927                 Leon Trotsky expelled from Communist Party

1929                 Massive collectivization push in Russia under Stalin

1934                 Social Realism art movement encouraged in Russia

1935                 France concludes pact of mutual assistance with Russia

1936                 Great purge of Russian political parties by Stalin

1939                 Russia signs non-agression pact with Hitler's Germany

1941                 Germany invades Russia and Russia joins Second World War

1945                 Russian intransigence after Potsdam conference starts "Cold War"

1947                 "Iron Curtain" effectively drawn around Soviet-controlled countries

1949                 Comecon setablished to coordinate Soviet block economies

1953                 Soviets successfully test hydrogen bomb

1957                 Russian Sputnik sattelite launched

1961                 Russian Yuri Gagarin becomes first man in space

1968                 Soviets crush Czechoslovakian Prague Spring revolt

1969                 Border disputes between China and Russia

1979                 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

1985                 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes Russian Premiere - "Glasnost" and 

                         "Perestroika"

1986                 Chernobyl nuclear power station explodes, contaminating most of Europe

1987                 Gorbachev signs first of several treaties to reduce nuclear arms

1989                 Russians pull out of costly war in Afghanistan

1991                 USSR breaks up into constituent countries - end of Soviet era

1993                 Violent constitutional crisis in Russia after Boris Yeltsin dissolves legislature

1995                 Russian war in Chechnya (ends in 1996)

1999                 Vladimir Putin becomes acting Russian President after Yeltsin resigns

.......................................................................................................

MODERN MIDDLE EAST: 1918 to 2000.AD

1918                 Jewish League formed by David Ben Gurion

1919                 Kemal Atatürk leads Turkish nationlist resistance

1919                 Jewish Zionists start immigration into Palestine

1921                 Modern Persian state created by Resa Khan

1921                 Greece declares war on Turkey

1922                 Republic of Turkey declared under Kemal Pasha

1922                 Britain grants independence to Egypt

1924                 Greece declares itself a republic

1948                 British pull out of Palestine - state of Israel established

1956                 Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes President of Egyptian Republic

1956                 Suez Crisis - Britain and France attack Egypt

1960                 Construction of Aswan High Dam in Egypt begins

1962                 Yemenese Civil War

1964                 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) formed

1967                 First Arab-Israeli (6-Day) War

1971                 United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Qatar become independent from Britain

1973                 Second Arab-Israeli (Yom Kippur) War

1973                 Saudi Arabia leads huge oil price increases - world economy slows

1974                 Turkey intervenes in Cyprus

1974                 PLO under Yasser Arafat recognized as representing Palestine

1975                 Christian vs Muslim war in Lebanon

1975                 King Faisal of Saudi Arabia assassinated

1977                 Israel under Menachem Begin starts West Bank settlements

1979                 Iranian Revolution - Ayatollah Khomeini proclaims Islamic Republic

1979                 Camp David Agreement brokers peace between Israel and Egypt

1980                 Military coup in Turkey under Kenan Evren

1980                 Iranian Hostage Crisis - hostages held in US Embassy in Teheran

1980                 Iran-Iraq War begins

1981                 President Anwar al-Sadat of Egypt assassinated by Muslim fundamentalists

1981                 Greece votes in Socialist Andreas Papandreou

1982                 Israel invades Lebanon - Israel-Lebanon War

1983                 End of Israel-Lebanon War

1987                 Intifada - Palestinian opposition to Israeli occupation of Gaza and West 

                         Bank

1988                 End of Iran-Iraq War

1991                 Persian Gulf War starts after Iraq invades Kuwait

1996                 Israel elects Benjamin Netanyahu as prime minister

1999                 King Hussein of Jordan dies after ruling for 46 years

.......................................................................................................

MODERN WARSAW PACT COUNTRIES: 1919 to 2000.AD

1919                 Poland recognized as independent state after First World War

1941                 Josip Broz Tito leads coommunist revolution in Yugoslavia

1947                 "Iron Curtain" effectively drawn around Soviet-controlled countries

1948                 Enver Hoxha leads Albania as independent Stalinist state

1949                 Comecon established to coordinate Soviet block economies

1955                 Warsaw Pact signed by USSR, Poland, Romania, Hungary,

.......................................................................................................

Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia and Albania

1956                 Hungarian revolt brutally suppressed by Soviets

1961                 Berlin Wall built between East and West Germany

1968                 Albania withdraws from Warsaw Pact for ideological reasons

1968                 Prague Spring uprising in Czechoslovakia crushed by Soviets

1972                 Treaty recognizes East and West Germany as sovereign states

1980                 Gdansk Shipyard Strike in Poland - Lech Walesa forms Solidarity

1980                 Relations between East and West Germany deteriorate

1982                 Martial law in Poland ended by Solidarity action

1985                 Enver Hoxha dies - Albania gradually relaxes foreign relations

1985                 Pro-Solidarity Father Jerzy Popieluzsko assassinated in Poland

1989                 Overthrow of communist rule in Poland, Hungary, East Germany and 

                         Bulgaria

1989                 Non-violent Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia

1989                 Violent overthrow of Ceausescu's communist regime in Romania

1989                 Berlin Wall demolished

1990                 East and West Germany unite as Federal Republic of Germany

1991                 Official dissolution of Warsaw Pact

1992                 Civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina starts

1995                 End of war in Bosnia-Herzegovina

.......................................................................................................

MODERN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL: 1926 to 2000.AD

1926                 Antonio Salazar leads military coup in Portugal

1926                 Death of Antoni Gaudí (Catalan architect)

1931                 Spain proclaimed a republic

1936                 Spanish Civil War starts

1936                 Assassination of Federico García Lorca (Spanish poet)

1937                 German bombing of Guernica, Northern Spain

1939                 Fascists under Francisco Franco triumph in Spanish Civil War

1959                 Terrorist organization ETA founded to fight for Basque independence

1973                 Death of Pablo Picasso (Spanish artist)

1974                 Portugal overthrows dictatorship - António de Spinola President

1975                 Juan Carlos becomes King of Spain after Franco's death

1976                 Free elections re-established in Spain

1978                 ETA (Basque seperatist group) active in Spain

1983                 Socialist government headed by Mário Soares in Portugal

.......................................................................................................

MODERN AFRICA: 1930 to 2000.AD

1930                 Heile Selassie becomes Emperor of Ethiopia

1948                 Afrikaaner National Party comes to power in South Africa - apartheid

1953                 Mau Mau Rebellion breaks out in Kenya

1957                 Ghana first African colony to gain independence from Britain

1960                 Congo gains independence from Belgium

1961                 South Africa declares republic and leaves British Commonwealth

1964                 Nelson Mandela jailed for campaigning against apartheid in South Africa

1964                 Kenya becomes republic under Jomo Kenyatta

1965                 White government declares independence in Southern Rhodesia

1967                 Nigerian Civil War - Biafra famine

1967                 First human heart transplant performed in South Africa

1969                 Moammar al-Qaddafi (Gadafi) leads military coup in Libya

1971                 Revolution in Ethiopia overthrows Haile Selassie

1972                 President Idi Amin expels Asians from Uganda

1974                 Portugal grants independence to Mozambique, Angola and other colonies

1974                 South Africa voted out of UN for apartheid policies

1975                 Civil war breaks out in Angola

1977                 Activist Steve Biko dies in custody in South Africa

1979                 Idi Amin forced out of Uganda

1980                 Robert Mugabe leads first black government in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)

1983                 Coloureds and Asians allowed vote in South Africa

1984                 Drought and famine in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Sudan

1990                 Neslon Mandela released - end of apartheid in South Africa

1991                 Ethiopian Civil War ends - Eritrea becomes independent

1994                 Rwandan genocide of ethnic Tutsis by Hutus

1994                 Nelson Mandela becomes first black President of South Africa

1999                 Nelson Mandela retires as president of South Africa - succeeded by Thabo 

                         Mbeki

.......................................................................................................

MODERN SOUTH-EAST ASIA: 1940 to 2000.AD

1940                 Japan occupies Indo-China

1946                 Start of First Indochina War for independence from French rule

1948                 Korea divided into North and South Republics

1949                 Indonesia under Sukarno gains independence from Netherlands

1950                 Korean War starts - Communist North vs Capitalist South

1953                 Korean War ends after involving China, US and several other countries

1954                 End of First Indochina War - Vietnam partitioned

1954                 Laos and Cambodia recognized as independent

1959                 Communist North Vietnam starts war against Capitalist South

1964                 US becomes involved in Vietnam War

1965                 Ferdinand Marcos becomes President of Philippines

1967                 General Suharto of Indonesia wrests power from President Sukarno

1969                 US involvement in Vietnam peaks

1975                 Communists finally triumph in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

1978                 Radical reorganization of Cambodia by cruel Pol-Pot regime

1979                 "Boat People" start to flee Communist regime in Vietnam

1979                 President Park Chung Hee of South Korea assassinated

1983                 Philippino opposition leader Benigno Aquino assassinated

1986                 Marcos flees country and Corazon Aquino takes power in Philippines

1997                 Asian financial crisis

1998                 Indonesian dictator Suharto steps down after 32 years in power

.......................................................................................................

POST-WAR BRITAIN: 1945 to 2000.AD

1945                 Clement Attlee becomes Labour Prime Minister of Britain

1947                 British pull out of India - Partition of India aand Pakistan

1948                 George Orwell writes "1984"

1952                 George VI dies - Elizabeth II takes British throne

1953                 Crick and Watson demonstrate double-helix structure of DNA

1956                 Suez Crisis - Britain and France invade Egypt

1957                 Sir Harold MacMillan becomes British Prime Minister

1973                 Britain joins European Economic Community

1975                 Birmingham Pub Bombings by IRA

1979                 Margaret Thatcher becomes British Prime Minister

1980                 Social Democratic Party formed

1981                 Black youths riot in British cities

1982                 Falklands War against Argentina

1984                 Miners' Strike in Britain

1990                 Margaret Thatcher resigns - John Major takes over as British PM

1994                 "Chunnel", rail tunnel between England and France, inaugurated

1997                 Tony Blair becomes British Prime Minister

1998                 Good Friday Accord (Belfast Agreement) signed by Ireland and Britain

.......................................................................................................

MODERN INDIA AND PAKISTAN: 1947 to 2000.AD

1947                 British withdraw from India - Partition of India and Pakistan

1948                 Mahatma Ghandi assassinated

1957                 India claims state of Kashmir

1958                 Ayub Khan becomes military leader of Pakistan

1961                 Portugal loses its territories in Goa

1964                 Indian Prime Minister Jahawarlal Nehru dies

1971                 Indira Ghandi becomes Prime Minister of India

1971                 Indo-Pakistan War - Bangladesh declared independent republic

1972                 Ceylon becomes independent Republic of Sri Lanka

1974                 India explodes first nuclear device

1977                 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto executed after coup in Pakistan

1978                 Muhammed Zia Ul-Haq becomes hard-line Muslim President of Pakistan

1984                 Indira Ghandi assassinated by Sikhs - violence erupts in India

1984                 Bhopal industrial disaster in Madhya Pradesh (4,000 - 25,000 killed)

1985                 Tamil separatist resurgence in Sri Lanka

1991                 Prime Minister Rajiv Ghandi killed by Tamil suicide bomber

1997                 Catholic nun Mother Teresa dies after nearly 50 years work in India

1999                 Military coup led by Gen. Pervez Musharraf overthrows Pakistani 

                         government

.......................................................................................................

POST-WAR AMERICA & CANADA: 1947 to 2000.AD

1947                 US Marshall Plan aid spurs European economic recovery

1949                 William Faulkner wins Nobel Prize for Literature

1950                 US becomes involved in Korean War

1952                 Dwight Eisenhower becomes US President

1953                 Crick and Watson demonstrate double-helix structure of DNA

1954                 Anti-Communist McCarthyism censured in US

1961                 Cuban Missile Crisis after US-backed anti-Castro invasion

1963                 US President John F Kennedy shot

1964                 Civil Rights Act passed in US

1964                 US becomes involved in Vietnam War

1967                 "Flower Power" at its height in California

1968                 Pierre Trudeau becomes Prime Minister of Canada

1968                 Black rights campaigner Martin Luther King assassinated

1969                 Neil Armstrong becomes first man to walk on Moon

1969                 US involvement in Vietnam War peaks

1971                 Rapprochement between US and China - Richard Nixon's visit

1972                 "Detente" - Strategic Arms Pact with USSR

1972                 Francis Ford Coppola's movie "The Godfather" released

1973                 US launches Pioneer II to explore outer planets

1973                 Henry Kissinger becomes US Secretary of State

1974                 Watergate Scandal - Richard Nixon quits as President

1975                 US pulls out of Vietnam War

1979                 Three Mile Island nuclear reactor incident in US

1980                 Iranian Hostage Crisis - hostages held in US Embassy in Tehran

1980                 Eruption of Mount St Helens (60 killed)

1980                 Ronald Reagan becomes US President

1987                 Iran-Contra Affair - arms for aid scandal

1987                 US and USSR sign first of several treaties to reduce nuclear arms

1988                 US and Canada sign free trade agreement

1989                 Exxon Valdez oil-spill in Alaska

1991                 US involvement in Persian Gulf War starts after Iraq invades Kuwait

1993                 Bill Clinton elected US President

1993                 New York World Trade Center bombing

1994                 Jean Chrétien becomes Canadian Prime Minister

1994                 North American Free Trade Agreement between US, Canada and Mexico

1994                 Sovereignty of Quebec narrowly defeated in referendum

1997                 US spacecraft begins exploration of Mars

.......................................................................................................

Sejarah Indonesia Kuno hingga Abad 21

-20,000.BC      Riwayat Orang Sunda dan Jawa Kuno

-3000.BC         Sangkuriang dan Gunung Tangkuban Perahu

-2500.BC         Riwayat Ciung Wanara

-1000.BC         Riwayat Sumatera, Kalimantan dan Sulawesi Kuno

400.AD            Kerajaan Kutai, Raja Mulawarman, di Sungai Mahakam, Kalimantan-Timur.

400.AD            Kerajaan Tulang Bawang, Lampung Sumatera Selatan.

500.AD            Kerajaan Tarumanegara Jawa Barat.

600-800.AD     Kerajaan Kalingga Jawa Tengah

600-1000.AD   Kerajaan Sriwijaya, Pantai Timur Sumatera

700-900.AD     Kerajaan Mataram Kuno Jawa Tengah

1052-1144.AD Kerajaan Kediri Jawa Tengah.

1065.AD          Kerajaan Buleleng, Bali

1222-1292.AD Kerajaan Singhasari, Malang Jawa Timur.

1297.AD          Kerajaan Samudera Pasai

1300-1400.AD Kerajaan Majapahit Jawa Timur

1400.AD          Kerajaan Aceh Darussalam

1400-1600.AD Masa Kehidupan WaliSanga.

1400.AD          Kerajaan Ternate Tidore.

1500.AD          Kerajaan Demak.

1550.AD          Kerajaan Cirebon - Banten.

1590.AD          Bangsa Belanda Masuk menjajah RI.

1605.AD          Kerajaan Gowa - Talo.

1800-1930.AD Masa Revolusi Pemberontakan Kolonial Belanda.

1945-1998.AD Masa Pembangunan RI.

BERSAMBUNG : AWAL WAKTU PRASEJARAH

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